1.
the nine schools of thought, philosophical schools of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770-220 BC), viz Confucians rújiā儒家, Daoists dàojiā道家, Yin and Yang yīnyángjiā陰陽家yīnyángjiā阴阳家, Legalists fǎjiā法家, Logicians míngjiā名家, Mohists mòjiā墨家, Diplomats zònghéngjiā縱橫家zònghéngjiā纵横家, Miscellaneous zájiā雜家zájiā杂家, and Agriculturalists nóngjiā農家nóngjiā农家